Charles Berret is a Ph.D. student in Communications at Columbia, a fellow at the Brown Institute, former fellow at the Tow Center, and past recipient of a Magic Grant. He is writing a dissertation on the conceptual origins of modern cryptography. Recent publications include a nationwide study of data journalism education, a report on the use of encrypted communications in newsrooms, an essay on the typography of web memes, and an examination of Walter Benjamin’s stance on the history of the book. After studying philosophy at the University of Michigan and journalism at Northwestern, Charles worked as a news editor and book critic in Cairo, Berlin, and Chicago.